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蛮荒之美、苍凉之美、残缺之美、古旧之美、艺术之美、经典之美、。，铸就吴哥之美，心仪很久，终得成行一睹风采。 不解释，让图片说话吧！ 行程概要： 8月19日： 福州--广州--胡志明市--吴哥。 20日： 大吴哥--（巴戎寺--茶胶寺--塔普伦寺--女皇宫）--小吴哥（吴哥窟）--巴肯山。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-5-1.html 21日：吴哥--金边--皇宫--独立纪念碑--金界娱乐城--中央小商品市场。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-42-1.html 22日：金边塔仔山--飞胡志明市--总统府--邮政大楼--大教堂。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-53-1.html 23日：美拖游艇--独木舟丛林穿越--市政厅--歌剧院--游轮夜景。 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-970955-62-1.html 24日：胡志明市--广州。 8月19日： 福州--广州--胡志明市--吴哥。 早上7时到达广州天河客运站，参团人员是下午1点在白云机场集结，利用空余时间逛了逛72烈士公园。 下午，广州飞胡志明市再转飞暹粒（吴哥）。 广州天河客运站。利用候机间隙去了趟72烈士公园。 孙中山先生亲手种植的松树似乎枯萎。 远处为72烈士墓。 白云机场候机大厅一暼。 白云机场。 飞往胡志明市。([]
最新章节： 第521章 张韶涵肖战翻唱 （ 2024-05-27 13:59:14）
更新时间： 2024-05-27 10:04:53
- 第1章 红楼梦奇葩说
- 第2章 解放·终局营救
- 第3章 武炼巅峰
- 第4章 中超
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- 第6章 十宗罪
- 第7章 武炼巅峰4
- 第8章 思域
- 第9章 斗罗大陆
- 第10章 荒野行动
- 第11章 朱一龙
- 第12章 沉睡魔咒2
- 第13章 印培育出微型蔬菜
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- 第16章 邓莎生二胎
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- 第18章 沙漠种植水稻成功暴雪蓝色预警来了
- 第19章 鹤唳华亭
- 第20章 雷神
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- 第549章 海底小纵队
- 第550章 白石麻衣将毕业
- 第551章 圣墟
- 第552章 巴勒斯坦
- 第553章 问道
- 第554章 奇葩说6
- 第555章 小丑获剧情类影帝
- 第556章 勇敢者游戏
- 第557章 宝马
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- 第559章 黑人问号球星求婚
- 第560章 印培育出微型蔬菜
- 第561章 斗战狂潮2
- 第562章 水浒传7 rings
- 第563章 伊朗退出伊核协议
- 第564章 玛莎拉蒂
- 第565章 爱情公寓
- 第566章 小城街头现睡觉窝
- 第567章 赘婿
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奇怪的美发沙龙神马影院
陈盈妃出发前写下的话：去西藏，而且还是去阿里，世界屋脊的屋脊，不是去郊区郊游，要面对的困难以及要准备的东西真的很多，也不知道是不是真的是好事多磨，正文之前就先写写我出发前遇到的主要困难、解决办法及最后的结局遇到的困难：1.今年是毕业年，和每一个毕业生一样，要面临找工作和答辩两大问，但是工作何时能定，答辩及时能完，一切都不是我能掌握和确定的，所以我不知道自己有多长的假期，或者说有没有假期，从年后一直烦闷，直到4月底知道答辩时间这种烦闷才略有好转。2.不知道有多少人会与我同行，因为我去西藏是打算包车的，而一辆越野车除司机外是坐3~4个人，最好是4个，这样费用是最划算的，人少了就贵，人多了就得再加一辆车，4或8个人当然最好，3个，6个，7个也行，万一是5个，那就真是呜呼哀哉了。3.行程的确定，到底是走A计划还是B计划，一直在纠结，最主要的原因是考虑到妈妈的身体情况。4.钱的问，小金毛的寄养问，旗子的问，师傅6月初开大会不知道哪一天结束的问，到底我是从北京还是从广州出发的问，中间还夹杂了去长岛的旅行问。。。。。。反正就是有一堆的问等待自己去发现及解决。解决的方法及最后的结果：1.（1）答辩的时间为5月21号，不会对出行造成影响。 （2）原计划6月6号广州飞拉萨，但我4号就得离开北京，回来安置好我家的小金毛，和妈妈一起出发，但不知道师傅的会几号结束，最后会议定在1~3号，4号踏实地离开。 （3）工作方面，陆总在5月24,25号两天进行了面试和体检，再有消息是6月中下旬，对我的计划几乎不造成影响，庆幸一下，但还是尽快回来为好。 （4）省医一开始说体检时7月中下旬的事，也不会对我的计划造成影响，但是在4号晚上，北京回广州的火车上，我接到了6号一早体检的通知，顿时傻了，是不去体检呢？还是改机票呢？南航一天就一个航班，我是退南航票，买别家的呢，还是改晚一天呢？N个电话后得到的结果是，如果退南航的票，买别家的票贵就不说，而且我之前买的是来回程的票，去程不坐南航，回程就没了，所以只能改后一天，但是改后一天，我就只能晚一天办边境证，也就是6月8号，但原计划是8号出发走阿里，8号办证能来得及么？一天的适应时间我妈妈受得了么？又是N个电话加深思熟虑，最后决定所有行程顺延一天，8号是周五，还能办边境证，要是周末就又得等两天，当机立断，赶紧改机票，又是N个电话，还是火车过山洞时信号不好的时候不断拨打，最终结果就是事情安排妥当后，几十块钱电话费又没了。不幸中的大幸是6号体检，万一是7号和8号，麻烦只会更大的。2.好兄弟脖子鱼一开始就退出了西藏之行，原因是多方面的，让我深感遗憾，就和去年贡嘎一样。小悠和张扬又没时间，色狼家里不放人，小肠没经费，老婆要考试，就算不考试家里也不同意，所以身边能和我同行的还是只有康娜。3.（1）行程的确定，一开始我想过两种进藏方案，一种是成都包车走318国道到拉萨，然后再去看珠峰，二是先到拉萨，再包车到处走，后来因为年后去云南，走梅里线的时候，一天坐12小时汽车，实在是烦了，所以改成了直奔拉萨。还有就是到拉萨的交通工具，开始时想坐火车的，但是票不好买，而且火车时间太长，我们的时间也有限，所以就改成飞机直飞，到拉萨再适应吧。至于到拉萨以后再怎么走，最后我选的是A计划，去阿里，因为实在是太喜欢看雪山了，心中太执着了，而且妈妈再不去，以后的身体条件更不适合了，这次不能说没有危险，我只能做好充分的准备，高原安，红景天，氧气，甲强龙，一个都不能少，而且先去看珠峰，万一不行，可以方便下撤。 （2）包车的问，找了很多家旅行社，报价从20000到24000不等，最后选择了一个最便宜的，也是给我感觉最好的一家。由于我们只有3人，一直还想再找到第4人，尝试了现实里拉人，网络上找人，最后未果，只能盯着高昂的车费出发，但愿风景能值回票价。 （3）第一次定机票时也出现了小插曲，导致原本十几分钟的事情愣是弄了一个半小时，最后的结果还不错，票都买下来，而且我也和那个客服代表熟悉了，以后订票又多了条私人关系。 （4）其他方面的问也一一解决，钱筹够了，小金毛放小舅家寄养了，摄影攻略找到了合适的了，装备也整齐了，药业买了。总的来说就是麻烦和困难很多，但都一一排除以及克服了。去西藏我一开始以为是需要三样东西，时间、金钱、身体，但后来我又发现需要魄力，但到了4号晚上接到体检通知的时候我有发现，还需要第5样，就是运气，如果我这次无法成行，无法圆梦，只能说明我暂时还与西藏无缘，但无论成行与否，所有的艰难困苦都将是对我的磨练，而我也从中学到很多东西，希望这次的圆梦之旅能顺利完成！出发前，先展示一下朋友们对我们的祝福，这是刚拿到旗子的时候拍的，到出发的时候，整面旗子都已经是名字了，可以和后面的照片对比 DAY1广州——拉萨444AM 睁眼，等待5点的到来，在等待的过程中赶到了淡淡的哀伤，是为什么呢？是这趟旅行的花费太高了，舍不得了？很多好友无法同行，亲爱的老婆也无法同行的缘故么？头天睡觉前看了一篇别人的游记，一路的风霜雨雪，没有美景，只有痛苦，我是在担心风景不给力么？500AM 起床，HR：53次/分。老妈起床时说昨晚吃了高原安后头疼，晨起还好点，这TMD是啥情况？不是假药吧！700AM办完登机，选择了安全通道那排座位，其中一个靠窗，航拍雪山是肯定不可少的，机场测得海拔27米，113°17′51″E，23°23′28″N。 飞机从广州至重庆一路的行程都是厚厚的云层，我的心也如云层一样厚重，我不希望蓝天，白云和阳光被乌云遮蔽。我们的飞机在重庆经停，再起飞前广播说起飞时间延后50分钟，但最终只晚了30分钟，在等待起飞的过程中，测得重庆的数据：海拔252米，106°38′12″E，29°43′4″N。飞机从重庆到拉萨的过程中，云层越来越薄，最后都已经变成小块状的了，地面已经能看见了，雪山也能看见了，我的心情终于也多云转晴了。快降落时我发现了，在西藏，天云地是如此的接近，这是以前从来没有体会过的感觉，在广州长大的我，从来都觉得云彩是高不可攀的1500 到达拉萨贡嘎机场，海拔3623米，91°7′57″E，29°39′52″N。我们住在天树花园酒店，下午算好日落的时间到布宫拍照，一开始夕阳被云朵挡住了，但是后来还是出现了，由于布宫不是非常准的坐北朝南，所以夕阳只把金顶和我们照亮了这就是在药王山的角度拍摄布宫，算是拍摄布宫的准照的机位吧，票价2元/人。今天从海平面直飞拉萨，轻微头疼（主要是同时拎着60来斤的行李），在药王山拍布宫时抽烟，头疼加重，但过会就好。说到在药王山拍摄布达拉宫，这里确实是个不错的机位，但是，来的人实在太多了，基本上拍出来的照片只要不是跑焦的，基本上都差不多，除非有很好的阳光和云彩作为衬托，不然我觉得，以我的摄影技术，想在这个位置拍出出彩的照片，难度恐怕很高。DAY2：拉萨晨起HR：70次/分，一晚上头疼，醒了多次，不过很快能再次入睡。上午去百益超市买干粮，罐头，零食等东西，以备大北线上没有吃饭的地方不至于饿死。我有一本摄影攻略，作者叫老鱼，下午我去布宫东侧拍摄布宫时，来到一个叫做老鱼饭局的餐馆，结果一聊才知道这个餐馆就是攻略那个老鱼开的，而且他本人就在餐馆内，于是和老鱼交流摄影经验，留了他的电话，然后就走去大昭寺，准备拍磕长头了。先用长焦拍，效果一般由于这个地方环境狭小，而且光线明暗差异很大，加上人多，动作杂乱，所以感觉用长焦拍摄不方便，就换上了24-70这个镜头，下面这张照片是一位藏民在给一个不知名的炉子里添加酥油。这是我很喜欢的一张照片，经幡与藏民，不能说每一个经过这个经幡的藏民都会虔诚的用额头来触碰这些经幡，但大多数都会停下脚步，用身体某个部分去与之接触换个角度看这个经幡，其实是某个东西的基座，远处是大昭寺的金顶，双鹿法轮就在我拍摄这个经幡的时候，一位藏族的大妈来向我化缘来了，可不要以为藏族同胞都是好吃懒做喜欢行乞的，而是他们为了心中的信仰，在朝拜途中实在没有经济来源时才向同胞求助的，我当然要慷慨解囊了，而且正好和老大妈说让她别动，当我的模特，说起来搞笑，这是我第一次付费拍摄，代价是5元，可惜当时没带外闪，阳光从头顶直射下来，加上大妈的帽子有宽大的帽檐，导致了他面部完全在阴影里，只有下巴有点亮光，没法把她脸上的神态和纹理拍摄清楚总觉得刚才在大昭寺门口没有拍到自己满意的照片，尤其是捕捉不到人们磕长头时的景象，非常的不甘心，于是我再次换上70-200焦距的爱死小白，蹲在大昭寺门口边上，换个角度，不从侧后方，二是从正侧方尝试抓拍，结果拍到了一张我很满意的照片，照片中的老大妈的虔诚一度让我忘记了按下快门，因为在那一瞬间，我的脑子不是在思考怎么拍照，而是在思考这大昭寺里面究竟有什么东西那么大魔力，让这位大妈这么身亡，这么诚心的跪拜没多久老妈和康娜来了，我们就到大昭寺广场外的藏餐馆吃饭，然后再度折回大昭寺，我妈每次看到这些小东西，都会忍不住停下来看看，有时候不得不说这些小玩意是挺吸引人的大昭寺广场永远都有转经的人流，这一天，我们并没有随人流转大昭寺，但是当我们从大北线回来以后，我们在此转了一圈本想在经幡边上打旗子的，但是保安不让，我只好站在经幡边上让康娜给我留影了，恰好有转经的人经过，我的相机也记录下一个游客与一个信徒之间的差异，我是用手随意地触摸着经幡，她是用额头虔诚的靠近经幡，其实当时我不是故意这么做出对比的，只是当时我是在思考问的时候，康娜给抓拍的，不知道这样一个不经意的动作，算不算是内心的自然流露呢前面说错了，原来我们这天也是转了大昭寺的，这张照片是我妈在选购小玩意时，我等她的时候抓拍的，其实在这一路上，磕长头的人有很多，但是要抓到一张自己满意的，并不是那么容易的，因为你既不能走得太近去打扰他们，又不能离得太远被人流遮挡镜头，所以想要拍一张好的，真要花点心思转经筒在八角街随处可见，大到要双手才能抱起来的，小到可以当手机挂饰的，款式太多，眼都花了，用店家的话说，总有一款适合你我们汉族人过年帖对联，藏族人是在屋顶插经幡，过年的时候把去年的旧经幡取下，但不是随意丢弃，而是统一集中到某个特定的地方，让其慢慢风化，回归自然。给我的感觉就是，他们很重视这些经幡，即使他们旧了，也不随意丢弃，而是给他们找个好归宿最后，夕阳西下，天公作美，送了我一张这样的照片。从大昭寺出来以后给老婆买了唐卡，然后坐人力三轮车回宾馆。在回程时和蹬车的人聊天发现他是个伟大的父亲，蹬了16的车，今年42岁，也就是说在和我一样年纪的时候就开始蹬车了，而且就是靠着蹬车养活了4个孩子，最大的孩子马上就要大学毕业了，突然觉得他很伟大，我在26岁的时候还在四处乱花钱，人家却已经靠着卖苦力养家糊口了。没有给这个伟大的爸爸照相，因为我不知道怎么用照片来表达我当时的感受，所以只能以文字表述了。DAY3 拉萨——日喀则630起床，700出门去拍布宫日出，地点已经选好，就是昨天去过的老鱼饭局，因为早上的缘故，选择了在布达拉宫的东面，顺光的方向拍摄的，这也是为什么在下午的时候要在药王山拍摄的原因，就是不想逆光。当第一缕阳光照到布宫时，我得到了这么张照片在思考光圈，快门，色温以及构图的时候，我无意间发现天上的云彩似乎呈问号状，于是拍了一张布宫在思考的照片太阳越升越高，布宫呈现明暗相间，可以和第一缕阳光刚照上布宫那张比较一下 1000 陆地巡洋舰正式起航，开始我们阿里大北线之旅，出发前公里数：315917KM1200 到达岗巴拉山口，这是第一个能看到羊卓雍错的地方，也是拍摄羊卓雍错准照的地方，天气好的话，还能看见远处7000+的宁金岗桑峰，这天虽然云比较多，但雪山还是为我露出了笑脸和藏獒合影完后，我们第一次打旗，现在的旗子已经是慢慢的祝福了顺公路下行一小段，来到一个不知道算不算是观景台的地方，换个角度继续拍摄羊湖，在这里我先用牦牛当前景照相，感觉不错，可我照完以后居然有个藏民过来和我说要收5元，我不乐意了，我说我拍之前你不说，现在说什么意思，要不我把照片删了行了吧，那老哥说删了也收钱，我听了就来气，直接无视他继续拍照再来一张羊湖的准照，因为这个地方基本上是人人都会选择拍照的地方，所以拍出来的也都差不多，要真想找不同的角度，除非到对面的山头上吧，这张照片很好的说明了，在晴天来到羊湖的重要性，因为天上的云彩会严重影响湖面的颜色左边是我，中间是同学康娜，右边是我妈虽然一干朋友没能同行，但打个旗，让朋友们看到这张照片的时候，也算是心里好过点吧，至少我在看到美景的同时，是想着和你们一起分享的最后当然少不了接片了，因为羊湖很大，而且形状极其不规则，湖水分布在山脉之间，所以是不可能照全的，除非从上往下航拍。这天多云，湖面不是纯蓝色的，而是蓝黑相间，虽没看见最美的羊湖，但此景对付我这种凡夫俗子的审美，那是绰绰有余了，借用一哥们的话说，湖面如同磨砂玻璃一样，呵呵([]
小草研究院一二三切换路线转茄子成人
黄彦铭是的，我回来了，从我热爱的西藏，遥远的拉萨回来了……记得那天，同行的队友在信息里说：我现在醉氧呢，你呐，到家后怎么样？记得那天，户外的老友问我：你西藏行的图片和文字呢？我们期待你的帖子呢！记得那天，那天，那天……我一直在回忆中不停的整理那些已经变成“昨天”的相片，突然觉得无论相片拍得有多烂，我都舍不得删掉…… ——记附加队友“橄榄”的游记帖子：且撤且珍惜——记我的2014西藏珠峰东坡、希夏邦马峰南坡之旅(全文完 )https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2177860-1-1.html —— 前 序 —— 今天，我开始在断断续续的回忆中写那段还未曾远去的日子。写我在西藏的步履，便会不由自主的想起一路上看到的那些双手合十、高举头顶、一步三叩的虔诚和执着；写我在西藏的步履，还会有一种感觉让我情不自禁的想起那些清澈的眼眸，总想再抱一抱他们，那些淳朴的孩子，是他们让我的身心，还有那曾经途中的坚强，没来由的在今夜再一次，再一次败给了记忆中的这一份“柔软”……是的，今夜我还是想你，想你之际会令所有的“思念”肆意地顺脸淌下，流进嘴角，咸咸的，涩涩的……这种感觉像极了一场绵长而无果的爱恋，在每一个夜深人静的夜晚从未远离。 ——记 藏传佛教文化…… 藏区的孩子…… 去西藏，去雪域高原，终点不是目的，路上的每一天，每一个恰到好处的瞬间，才是生命中难得一见的美景。转山、转水、转佛塔，还有那佛前的磕长头、酥油灯前的许愿，这些所有的修心、修性和修行，即使不能融入和参与，我想，今生若能有缘就这样默默地注视着，也很好…… ——记 （橄榄摄） 美丽而神圣的“布达拉宫”……（橄榄摄） 在布达拉宫，在大昭寺，在八廓街，在甜茶馆，在每一处神山圣水的脚下，都会让你受到那一份份微笑着的美好祝福：扎西德勒！在山顶撒一把“隆达”祈祷平安，在飞扬的“风马旗”下敬祝神山，在碧蓝色的湖边，在洁白的雪山之间，撑一顶帐篷，去感受清晨或是傍晚那一缕阳光的洗礼……活在当下，珍惜每一天——让我们在行走的途中“修行”——哪怕只是对身边的人露出微笑…… ——记我在西藏…… 我在西藏……（橄榄摄）海拔5000米的跳跃……（橄榄摄） 我在“珠峰东坡” 我在“希夏邦马南坡” 在这里，所有的一切就如同落在白纸上，变得简单而直白…… 我并不是特热衷写游记，只是每次远行归来，我总会在想，怎样才能留住这些渐行渐远的时光？对我而言，也许把途中点点滴滴的记录汇集在一起才算是一次有意义的出行的结束吧。也许，如果有一天我真的老了，在人生末路的渡口徜徉，在青丝白发，铅华褪尽的沧海桑田，那些让人感动的东西再也感动不了我，令人悲伤的事情再也不能让我流泪，那时，如若可以，我愿在等待岁月苍老的回忆中再一次邂逅这一路的“温暖”；那时，如若可以，我希望还能在这里看到，或是听到我的孩子们为我读这些文字，在似曾相识的画面里，在密密麻麻满是“昨天”的字里行间，想起昔日繁华的风景和风景里的我们，然后，然后让“思念如花”……——记感谢记忆里有你——首先感谢为我践行和接风的队友和家人…… 感谢拉萨的朋友们和两位偶遇拼车的香港美眉， ——谢谢你们的相约与相伴…… 感谢一路有你——与家乡环华骑行的“朱世岱”老师相逢拉萨， 感谢您带给我他乡遇故人的激动和感动……感谢一路有你——曾经“狼塔C+V”路上的队友， 感谢你们在回程途中对我的热情款待…… 感谢记忆里有你——谢谢你们带给我雪域高原旷野中的真诚…… 今天，敞开心扉，要感谢生命，更要感谢你们——感谢有缘与你们同行在AA相约的路上，感谢途中不离不弃的情谊，因为你们的自信与阳光，让我由衷的敬佩与信任，因为你们的加入，让我的西藏之行更精彩……风中，雨中，暴雪中，我们一起走过，你们让我看到了户外领域的风采和户外人的素质。当时光匆匆，别去经年，我们终将会在漫长的岁月中明白最美好的也许不是那一路的风景，而是我们曾经并肩走过的那些个转身的等待和惜惜问候的细节……一缕清风，一丝细雨，一片飞雪，在生命中变成永远难忘的初心，温暖了曾经所有的过往，别后，一声念安，一句祝福，足矣…… ——记“珠峰东坡”徒步的全体队友（从左至右）：轻装队员：辽宁的“走来走去”和“随心”、广西的“明成”重装队员：贵州的“橄榄”、云南的“时光”、本人 合影于“优帕村”——徒步“珠峰东坡”的起点……合影于“希夏邦马”南坡徒步的途中……合影于“希夏邦马”南坡的营地…… 贵州的队友“橄榄”，是我去年“贡嘎”之行的队长，一路上很会搭讪和沟通（号称“雨神”，这点是我所不能及的）…… 云南的队友“时光”，或骑行或徒步曾多次进藏，是一名我所信赖的骚大夫，（也是大名鼎鼎的“雨神”，据说拉萨一别后的日子他可是到哪儿哪下雨）…… （一）启程拉萨 又是一场雨，让闷热的午后变得清凉，在这样一个下过雨的傍晚，约三五知己小聚在这空濛的夜色里，谈人生，谈生命，谈令人向往的外面的世界。他们说，你又在路上！走的如此匆忙，让我们再一次追寻着你的足迹；他们说，你怎么能放得下？离得开？舍得去远方看风光无限？是的，生活就是这样，有些事看起来很难，其实做起来很容易——例如“远行”；有些事做起来很难，看起来很却很容易——例如“行走”……——记启程相送，归来相迎，所有的感激之情都在心中…… 从这一刻起，愿途中所有的收获“入眼成景，入心成禅”…… 幸亏提前了一天，飞机经停银川时因拉萨贡嘎机场沙尘暴而被迫停飞， 当晚航空公司安排食宿，调整起飞时间…… 第二天到达“贡嘎机场”已经是正午，25元坐机场大巴不到两个小时到市内，还好，下午办理日喀则地区的边防证比较顺利…… 入住预定的位于拉萨市北京中路亚宾馆旁边的“风马飞扬旅舍”，这里住着是很多骑行爱好者，不愧是“车友之家…… 环境优雅的“风马飞扬旅舍”…… 这里住宿方便、整洁，环境温馨、安静，还有温文尔雅、端庄漂亮的老板娘…… 充分利用短暂的午后时光——我想，逛街和吃应该是所有初来拉萨的朋友们别无选择的节奏…… 大昭寺一景…… 相识是缘——感谢拉萨热情的朋友们…… ([]
精品无人区一线二
柳左恩Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
1000部未年禁止进入三叶草红杏
赵文君终于下决心开贴了，这次旅行回来已经一年多了，最近事情比较多，自己也对码字很头疼，今天浏览一番去年的旅游照片，再不写点东西，有些事情的细节可能就会遗忘了。 喜欢旅游的人，对欧洲是很向往的，10多年之前已经去过二次，一次是单位的福利，走马观花的15天10多个国家，稀里糊涂的就结束了旅行。第二次是陪老妈跟旅行团去的，摆脱不了上车睡觉，下车尿尿，景区拍照，回来啥也不知道的结局。现在岁数大了，有时间国内国外的到处走走看看，这几年也走过不少地方，感觉欧洲还是值得再次深度旅游。 要想玩的好，那绝对不能跟旅游团，自己去的话，行程安排就是个头疼的事情，欧洲那么大，几乎每个角落都有可看可玩的地方，放弃任何地方都是可惜的事，一次玩遍欧洲的话，是件很费力的大事。对着地图研究了很长时间，分两次玩遍欧洲是最好的选择，一次是从最南边的土耳其开始，一路北下，贯穿欧洲到最北边的北极圈。一次是以欧洲中部为主由东到西的环游，每次时间计划在60天左右。 游遍欧洲的旅游计划行程确定好了，让老婆选择先行路线，最后确定先走环游欧洲路线，交通工具是在德国法兰克福租车自驾。 路线确定下来，下面就是证买机票订旅店和租车，这些事情，有很多贴写的很详细，我就不再啰嗦，值得重点说的是，我们去欧洲的机票是北京经俄罗斯中转到法兰克福，已经到了俄罗斯了，为何不办一个俄罗斯过境，顺道去俄罗斯玩一次。申请德证完成后，又成功申请了俄罗斯二次过境证，每次不超过72小时。最后的行程是这样的： 北京出发,法兰克福进出，飞机在莫斯科经停,顺路先去俄罗斯的圣彼得堡.然后到德国的法兰克福,在法兰克福租车，先去海德堡,维尔茨堡，走一段古堡之路，主要游览德国南部众多的古堡和小镇。随后到达布拉格，游玩东欧匈牙利,捷克,斯洛伐克三国。后进奥地利维也纳。再反走阿尔卑斯之路，沿途欣赏色彩浓郁的阿尔卑斯山风光,在起伏平缓的丘陵地带，峻峭的山峰、绿色的森林、古老的乡村、浪漫的山谷,还有迷人的”世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特.随后再次进入德国，重温有浓郁色彩的德国小镇和德国巴伐利亚国王的几个皇宫。国王湖和天鹅堡是重点.紧接着就是期盼的瑞士风光，苏黎世进入瑞士，日内瓦出瑞士进入法国，去法国西南部的普罗旺斯看薰衣草，而后去法国著名海滨城市尼斯.沿途游览几个法国城市后直奔西班牙巴塞罗那，观赏马德里附近的几个古镇，流连在各个充满了伊斯兰和古罗马风味的特色城堡。最后去这次的最远端葡萄牙的里斯本。返程途中游览法国西北部海滨城市和卢瓦尔河谷。取道卢森堡到达科隆，走莱茵河谷经科布伦茨到美因茨后回到法兰克福还车。再飞到莫斯科玩2天，最后回北京。预计57天,自驾路线大约1万多公里。路线为：北京—莫斯科—圣彼得堡—莫斯科--法兰克福--海德堡--维尔茨堡--班贝格--纽伦堡--布拉格--布拉迪斯拉发--布达佩斯--维也纳--梅尔克修道院--哈尔施塔特湖--戈绍--萨尔茨堡—国王湖--阿尔卑巴赫—阿亨湖--瓦腾斯水晶--因斯布鲁克---米腾瓦尔德--加米施-帕腾基兴---上阿玛高--林德霍夫宫--普兰湖--菲森--新天鹅堡--列支敦士登--林道--圣加伦--施泰因--苏黎世--卢塞恩--龙疆湖--因特拉肯--劳特布龙嫩--米伦—图恩湖--施皮茨--伯尔尼--马特洪峰--西庸古堡--洛桑--莫尔日--日内瓦--阿纳西--阿维尼翁--薰衣草胜地瓦郎索勒—尼斯--戛纳--马赛--艾克斯--阿尔勒--阿格德--巴塞罗那--萨拉戈萨--马德里—塞哥维亚--阿维拉--托莱多--格拉纳达--科尔多瓦---塞维利亚--梅里达---里斯本--辛特拉--法蒂玛-萨拉曼卡--布尔戈斯--维多利亚--圣塞瓦斯蒂安海滨--比亚里茨--巴约讷---波尔多---图尔--枫丹白露宫--特鲁瓦--卢森堡--科隆--科布伦茨--美因茨--法兰克福—莫斯科—北京。圣彼得堡夏宫莫斯科红场普罗旺斯看薰衣草世界最美乡镇”之称的哈尔施塔特奥地利瑞士尼斯蔚蓝海滨法国卢瓦尔河谷城堡西班牙葡萄牙 有了行程单，证就很好办，住宿我们都是在BOOKING上提前订好，基本上没有变化。租车提前2个月预定，价格有优势。 这次旅行，两个人总花费包括证在内不到8万元人民币。 出门旅游最大的消费就是交通费，我们欧洲环游是自驾，做好行程后，在网上发帖寻找旅伴，有一对绍兴夫妇与我们一啪即合，同步的申请证与订住宿，四个人完成了整个行程，这样，自驾这部分租车费，汽油费，过路费，存车费等四人均摊，费用自然降下来。 住宿费排名第二，根据各自对住宿条件的喜好程度，费用也参差不齐。我们的住宿平均55欧，基本上是中下水平。 饭费也占相当大的比例，我们自带了电饭煲和电磁炉，大部分是自己做饭。在这么长时间总吃西餐人也会疯的。自己做一些顺口的食物，即能保证营养，费用也下降不少。早餐基本上是稀饭和自带的咸菜，再煎鸡蛋或煮鸡蛋，配面包。中餐基本是自带的面包加火腿和各种涂抹料，配牛奶和果汁与蔬菜。晚餐米饭，自做的一荤一素一汤。葡萄酒每晚一瓶是必不可少的节目，牛排，猪排，鸡，鱼是晚餐的主打菜。感觉与在国内自己做菜的费用相差不大，欧洲人在吃饭上是很便宜啊。简单贴一个我们这次旅行的路线图。从图中可以看出，我们的旅行路线基本上就是中世纪神圣罗马帝国的疆域。去一个地方旅游，应该简单了解一下这些地区的历史和人文及信仰。欧洲的历史比较复杂，但从神圣罗马帝国开始就简单的多。这个神圣罗马帝国与罗马凯撒大帝时期的罗马帝国完全是两码事。神圣罗马帝国全称为德意志民族神圣罗马帝国或日耳曼民族神圣罗马帝国，与962年建立，止于1806年。这是一个松散的政治联邦，由王国、大公国、公国、侯国、宗教贵族领地和帝国自由城市组成，他们承认皇帝为最高权威，但各个王国又独立自主。皇帝由七个选帝侯选举产生。这其实就是现在欧盟的鼻祖。帝国的疆域包括近代的德国、奥地利、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡，瑞士，西班牙，葡萄牙，法国东部、意大利北部和中部。帝国的发展历史也是各诸侯国争夺皇位的历史，从15世纪初起，皇位均由奥地利哈布斯堡家族占据，查理五世（1519～1558）是最具代表性的一位君主。他们的大本营是奥地利，匈牙利和捷克斯洛伐克。进入17世纪以后，普鲁士崛起，建立普鲁士王国，随之也就带来了争霸的战争。结局是奥地利哈布斯堡家族惨败。能与神圣罗马帝国相抗衡的只有高卢人，北欧，奥斯曼帝国和欧洲大陆之外的英国。拿破仑的出现打破了这个平衡，16个神圣罗马帝国的成员脱离帝国，加入拿破仑邦联。1806年拿破仑勒令神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世于8月6日放弃神圣罗马帝国皇帝尊号，仅保留奥地利皇帝称号。宣告神圣罗马帝国从此退出历史舞台。1815年，拿破仑战争结束，德意志邦国被并入组织松散的德意志邦联，由奥地利领导。普鲁士新国王威廉一世和卓越的政治家俾斯麦的出现，又一次打破僵局，铁血宰相俾斯麦领导的普鲁士与哈布斯堡家族领导的奥地利展开一场为争夺霸权的普奥战争。站在普鲁士方面的，有梅伦堡、奥尔登堡和北德意志的其他各邦，以及汉堡、不来梅和吕贝克3个自由市和意大利。站在奥地利方面的，有萨克森、汉诺威、巴伐利亚、巴登、符腾堡、黑森一加塞尔、黑森一达姆施塔德和德意志邦联的其他成员国。从大邦国的数量和人口、面积来说，奥地利方面占有优势。但是，从军事实力来说，普鲁士则显然强于对方。但结局是普鲁士大胜，1866年8月23日，奥地利完全退出旧的北德意志联邦。随后的普法战争，普鲁士打败法国，普王威廉一世登基为德国皇帝，德国成为欧陆最强的大国。到此，欧洲各国的格局基本形成。现行的欧盟是不是复辟了过去的神圣罗马帝国我们不得而知，但申根条约的实施却对欧洲大陆的旅游提供了方便。第一天，行程开始。北京机场与绍兴的旅友汇合，洲际航空UN8888 北京 - 莫斯科.起飞0040,到达.0440. 总时长8小时。我们都变成了追日的夸父，由于经纬度的变化，机窗外粉红的彩带一直伴随了我们飞行的大部分时间，这是不是就是传说的永不日落的晚霞？ 准时到达莫斯科伏努科沃VKO机场，出关也很顺利。我们申请了俄罗斯过境证，机票就变为北京--莫斯科往返加莫斯科--法兰克福往返，在莫斯科中转不在同一个机场。今天我们要赶往圣彼得堡。 由于到达时间早，机场快线还没有开始，但第一班公交车611路刚好到达。语言不通，但手机里有莫斯科地铁的照片，拿给司机看，司机点头。莫斯科的公交车没有售票员，市民坐车基本都买公交卡，司机收了我们四人共100P，给一个卡。上车后，打卡才能通过类似公园大门的自动刷卡机进入车厢。来俄罗斯之前，也看过不少人写的游记，都说俄罗斯人粗野，警察也会找麻烦。在车上，小心翼翼的拿出提前打印好莫斯科地铁站名的纸片，与周围人询问下车的地方，还是有人会帮你，坐了将近一个小时，到站后，司机也喊我们该下车了。下公交车，坐红色地铁线去火车站。莫斯科的地铁致是一个红色大写的“M”字，下车后，远远就能看到。从莫斯科去圣彼得堡的火车站在莫斯科地铁红线的Комсомольской（中文叫共青团站）(红线跟环线的交叉站)站，这个站棕线上的站台很漂亮。 俄罗斯人大多数不会讲英语，去俄罗斯旅游，打印一些日常用语带在身边有很大的帮助。贴一些我找到的俄罗斯常用语。城市名字：1．莫斯科Москва 2．圣彼得堡Санкт-Петербург莫斯科景点：1．列宁墓 мавзолей ленина 2．圣瓦西里大教堂Храм Василия Блаженного 3．克林姆林宫Кремль 4．新圣女公墓Новодевичьекла́дбище5．克里姆林宫Кремль6．红场 красная площадь 7．历史博物馆 Государственный Исторический музей 8．瓦西里升天大教堂 Храм Василия Блаженного9．地下商场Охотный ряд10广场манежная площадь 11．普希金造型艺术馆 Государственный музей изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина 12．大剧院Большой Театр (Bolishoi Teatr 13．跳蚤市场Вернисаж （Vernisaj ） 14．莫斯科大马戏团 Большой московский цирк 15.新圣女修道院Hоводевечий Монастырь 16特列季亚科夫画廊Государственная третьяковскаягалерея1．十月火车站МОСКВА ОКТЯБРЬСКАЯ 2．库尔斯克火车站МОСКВА КУРСКАЯ3．雅罗斯拉夫火车站 МОСКВА ЯРОСЛАВСКАЯ 4．白俄罗斯火车站МОСКВА БЕЛОРУССКАЯ 5．地铁共青团站Комсомольской 6．圣彼得堡主火车站САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ-ГЛАВН.7．库尔斯克地铁站КУРСКАЯ 8．白俄罗斯地铁站БЕЛОРУССКАЯ9．起义广场地铁站Площадь Восстания10．游击队站（跳蚤市场）Партизанская 11．麻雀山站Воробьёвы горы12．大学站Университет 13．基督救世主教堂Храм ХристаСпасителя14．老阿尔巴特街Старая улица Арбат15．莫斯科的列宁格勒火车站： MOSKVA OKTYABR'SKAYA 16．全俄展览中心地铁站：ВДНХD．日常用语：1．地铁 метро2．入口 вход（夫货的） 3．出口 выход（威货的）4．售票处 касса5．票 билет 6．厕所 туалет（阿列特）7．谢谢 спасибо 8．对不起 извините9．火车站 вокзал；Железнодо10．公共汽车 автобус 11．退票 возврат билета.12．票数билет в Суздаль в13．时间 пожалуйста.14．银行банк（班克）15．注册就是暂住证регистрация 16．行李寄存处Камера хранения17．城际列车Пригородный поезд 18．直达谢尔盖耶夫的城际列车站Ярославский Вокзал 19．汽车站остановка 20．硬卧плацкарт, platzkart. 21．纯软卧那种мягкий22．软卧包厢купе(kupe)圣彼德堡景点： 1．彼得宫城（夏宫）Петродворец 2．普希金城（皇村）Царское Село3．巴甫洛夫斯克ПАВЛОВСК 4．克鲁泡特金地铁站Кропоткинская 5．叶卡捷琳娜宫ДворецЕкатерины 6．斯莫尔尼宫ДворецСмольный 7．滴血大教堂Спас на Крови 8．尤苏波夫宫Юсуповский дворец 9．彼得保罗要塞Петропавловская Крепость食物：1．红菜汤（罗宋汤）．Борщ 2鱼子酱Икра 3．煎饼Блины 4．烤肉Шашлык 5．克瓦斯Квас 6．三文鱼семга 7．某种红鳟鱼форель 8．少盐的слабосоленный 9．烟熏的подкопченный 10．矿泉水негазированный出地铁站首先看到的建筑。 回头看是地铁出站口。 这里有3个火车站（喀山，亚罗斯拉夫，列宁格勒），我们当时也不知道那个是去圣彼得堡的火车站，拿着打印好的纸片问旁边的警察，警察很热心的指给我们看对面。我拿出相机拍对面的火车站，把警察摄入也没有引起他的不满意。谁说莫斯科警察不好惹？ 我拍照时，一对年轻情侣过来主动要求拍照，并作出夸张的表情，与我们做友好的互动，霎时间，对莫斯科民众的那些不友好传说完全消失。 买票时得知，今天早晨去圣彼得堡的快速火车只有两趟车，现在已经没有票了，下午有一班车，只有几张剩票。赶紧掏钱买票。价格是真心贵。这就是我们不懂外文的弊病，如果能在国内提前在俄罗斯铁网上订票，不仅不会发生这样的事，价格还会便宜不少。 改变计划，先存包在火车站，在附近吃早饭，然后坐地铁去红场。 大街一角矗立着列宁的雕像。列宁是俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国（世界上第一个社会主义国家）的缔造者、布尔什维克党的创始人、十月革命的主要领导人、第一届苏维埃政府人民委员会主席。我在很小的时候就看过原苏联录制的描写列宁一生的电影----“列宁在1918”。如果没有列宁，苏联也可能会走向大部分欧洲皇家变革的君主立宪制。如果真是那样，世界的格局不知道要变成什么样子？ 莫斯科地铁票已经涨价。单次票40P。20次票540P，进入后，可以随意转车，也可以多人使用一张卡。 贴一张莫斯科地铁图和红场周围景点图。 莫斯科地铁车厢太落伍了，没有空调，上边有个小窗户开着，跑起来后声音震耳欲聋，倒是可以吹点凉风进来。中国中车可以打进俄罗斯市场，提供些现代化的车厢了。 车厢不怎么样，但地铁站太值好好看看了，索科尔站的苍穹顶、斯摩棱斯克站的圆柱式大厅、基辅站的巨大拱门大厅和巨型壁画(以十月革命为主)、白俄罗斯站的英雄群雕、诺沃斯洛波德站的民族风格壁画、普希金站诗一般的圣洁、高尔基站(现改名为特维尔站)的神韵，以及最美丽的被誉为“20世纪建筑艺术精品”的马雅可夫斯基站..... 坐地铁来到红场（Okhotnt ryad，红线，绿线，蓝线的交叉站）。红场的意思是“美丽的广场”，“红色”在俄语里包含“美丽”的意思。地面全部由条石铺成，既独特又显得古老而神圣。红场是莫斯科人的骄傲，它是莫斯科的中心广场，见证了莫斯科的历史变化。首先来到二战英雄朱可夫骑马的雕像前，他身后是国家历史博物馆。我们只有上午的一点时间，只能走马观花看看红场的外景了。 朱可夫骑马雕像的右前方是国家杜马。 国家博物馆的右边，在俄罗斯式的凯旋门前有一个蓝顶绿墙的小教堂，教堂门口有人围着的地上有个铜的圆环，这个就是莫斯科的市中心的志，站上去扔个硬币吧，据说是可以带来好运。([]
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杨宗翰走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
吴梦梦国产剧情无套在咖啡馆
涂明全〖前言〗2013年8月7日上午，肯尼亚首都内罗毕乔默-肯雅塔国际机场爆发大火，烧毁国际到达大厅，机场关闭。听闻这个消息时，我们正在从安博塞利返回内罗比的路上。“既然机场关闭，我们是不是可以晚回几天？正好可以再去一次马赛马拉！”得知这条坏消息，我们的第一反应不是叹气，反倒有点幸灾乐祸。我们在马赛马拉只呆了三天，三天的时间，对于辽阔无边的马赛马拉草原来说哪里足够，只觉意犹未尽，诸多遗憾。8月8日，按原计划下午我们就将搭乘阿联酋航空返国。但一大早便得知消息，国际机场当天依旧关闭。清静和飞翔开始与旅行社及保险公司联系，75忙着联系更便宜的酒店，因为十有八九我们这天是无法离开了。走不了，但也去不了马赛马拉，因为正值马赛马拉的旺季，如果没有提前几个月预订住宿，根本是一房难求。午饭后，我们兵分两路：大部队去机场确认航班消息，我和蟋蟀头及75去希尔顿酒店预订当晚的住宿。因美亚保险认为机场火灾不在我们的保险范围之内，保险公司拒不承担我们滞留的任何费用，所以我们得找便宜一点的住宿。对于我们这类出行常住青旅或家庭旅馆的驴友来说，希尔顿这样的五星级酒店向来不在考虑之内。但，这是在内罗毕，我们必须为自己选择一个安全的酒店。而安全，往往则意味着昂贵。在希尔顿订好住宿后，我们三人赶到机场与大部队汇合。机场区的空气里依旧弥漫着一股浓烈的焦味，国际航班抵达区的建筑被浓烟熏黑，且部分坍塌。此情此景，惨不忍睹。对于我们这些滞留的客人将如何处置，机场与阿联酋航空没有任何表态。我们一无所获地离开机场，回到希尔顿。200美元/晚的住宿费，除了安全，我们并没得到更多。房间又小又旧，似乎连如家也不如，晚餐的费用又高得离谱，大家再也没有玩的心情，只一门心思想着回去。8月9日，一大早check out后赶到机场，机场早已是人潮汹涌，混乱不堪。我们挤在一个小通道处，在长不到十米的通道排了两三个小时，才总算安检完进入check-in大厅。原以为进去后便诸事大吉，谁知那只是等待的开始。check-in大厅里早已挤得人满为患，但离开的人少，进来的人却在源源不断地增加。在阿联酋团队check-in的柜台前又排队两小时后，方得知阿联酋当天并没增加一个航班，这意味着7号8号未离开的旅客将继续滞留。满怀希望的人群一片哗然，开始躁动不安。阿联酋航空的工作人员站在柜台上讲话，让非当天机票的乘客离开，“NO！NO！”滞留的旅客，而且大多是中国游客，喊着统一的口号，表示抗议。这样的劝退与躁动发生几个回合后，驻内罗毕的中国大使馆人员赶到，人群爆发出一阵掌声，集体喊着“我们要回家！我们要回家！”这样的场面我从未经历，有点震惊，也有点感动。大使馆参赞与各团队的领队交流后，又与阿联酋的工作人员沟通。但那晚，我们的等待并没有一个好的结束。八月的内罗毕，晚上凉风习习。机场上已搭了两天的帐篷，依然还在搭建中，黑人兄弟的工作效率，实在不能令人恭维。我们一群人站在机场的一块空地上，讨论我们的何去何从。讨论没有结果，唯一确定的是，先回酒店休息。在机场耗了一整天，大家都累了，身心俱疲。所幸的是，8月10日一大早，阿联酋航空便来电，要我们赶紧去机场。这一天，机场的秩序明显比前一天好很多，我们顺利地办完值机、通关、安检，直至坐到帐篷搭成的临时候机大厅时，心里才安定许多。心安之余，回想肯尼亚的这十多天旅程，只觉内心五味杂陈。原以为可以在肯尼亚无污染的大草原上畅快呼吸，享受天然氧吧，谁知灰尘铺天盖地，大家都用口罩或头巾捂着脸，每天回到房间都是蓬头垢面。原以为可以在内罗毕穿街走巷，享受逛街乐趣，谁知内罗毕安全堪忧，因抢劫时常发生，我们所停留的地方，除了餐厅，就是酒店。原以为只要在对的时节到了马赛马拉，每天都可以欣赏到角马过河的壮观场景，谁知这其实非常靠运气。但不得不承认，近距离看动物是多么美好的一件事。优雅的长颈鹿、温顺的斑马、性感的猎豹、稳重的大象、猥琐的鬣狗、霸气十足的狮子。。。当曾在动物园里才能看到的动物，忽然在我周围自由行走、奔跑，那感觉真是无以伦比的美妙。特别是当狮子情侣含情脉脉地对望时，那一刻，我的心瞬间被打动，化得如水一般温柔。当然，更多的故事，更多的细节，还是请与我一起，走进肯尼亚。 D1（7-29）上海——迪拜——内罗毕4点钟，天未亮，整个城市还在沉睡中，我俩便拎着行李从家里出发了，去浦东机场与朋友们汇合。我们将搭乘715的航班，经迪拜转机前往肯尼亚的首都内罗毕。在这之前，我只睡了3个小时。待飞机准时起飞时，我已进入沉沉的睡梦中。在梦中，我似乎进入了时光隧道，去往另一个不同维度的空间。但的确，那是另一个不同的国度，位于赤道上的东非国家——肯尼亚。抵达时，我们的时针将往回拨5个小时。时光倒流，在抵达肯尼亚的那一刻，梦想成真。 内罗毕国际机场，号称是东非最大、也最繁忙的机场，但在我们看来，小，且陈旧。繁忙却是真，当地时间傍晚19点过时，依然人流如潮，通关时，三四个关口处排着冗长的队伍。机场让人失望，但入住的酒店Crowne plaza却是当晚最大的惊喜了。出发之前，领队清静就说，肯尼亚的条件不太好， 即使五星级酒店，也不一定有wifi，也不保证有热水淋浴，千万不要用国内五星级酒店的准来衡量。所以，当我们走进酒店，便有人递上热毛巾和芒果汁，有人主动帮忙搬送行李，再到走进房间，眼前一亮，打开手机，免费联上wifi时，激动之情便难以言喻了。只是，酒店禁止吸烟，不仅只是酒店大堂等公共区域，所有房间都禁止抽烟。烟瘾难耐的蟋蟀头不甘心，让我打电话到前台，询问何处可以抽烟。话筒那边的声音，礼貌且明确：请下楼，走出酒店大门。如此严格的禁烟，是我们意想不到的，更意想不到的是，酒店居然在门口设有安检，所有的行李都必须通过安检。当时虽觉奇怪，却并不太为意，只是在后来的行程中，才渐渐明了其中的原因所在。 D2（7-30）内罗毕——马赛马拉 早餐后，我们便径直驱车离开酒店，没有在内罗毕作任何停留，直接驶向马赛马拉。座落在使馆区的Crowne plaza，似乎位于市区之外，仅几分钟而已，我们便已远离内罗毕，行驶在两边是乡村或镇子的公路上。而内罗毕的真实面貌，尚未见识。 我们团队20人，共租了六辆面包车，每辆车3-4人。我和蟋蟀头、龙之杰三人一辆。刚上车坐稳，蟋蟀头便要我和司机说，带我们去买打火机。司机约瑟夫Joseph一口答应。一边开车，一边回过头说道：“no problem.” 刹车没踩，车速没减，还回过头来说话，他这个举动吓坏了我，赶紧说道：“别转头，别转头！”我的话音刚落，约瑟夫又把头转了回来，举着手里的香烟告诉我们，“车里可以吸烟”。他这句话让蟋蟀头和龙之杰高兴不已，赶紧给约瑟夫递过去一支烟。因为，在这之前，我们的导游再三告诫，肯尼亚很多地方不能随便吸烟，比如公共场所、草原、车上。但刚出发，就有这样的破例，两个烟鬼当然兴奋不已。他俩兴奋，我却有另外的担忧。约瑟夫开车时只要说话，必定回头，这习惯令我最初非常担心行驶的安全问。但实际上，我当然是多虑了。黑人司机的脑袋后面似乎还长了另一双眼睛似的，他们即使回头说话，也能灵活地与对面的车辆擦肩而过。 9点过，我们途中的第一次停车，杜导说，东非大裂谷到了。东非大裂谷，这条长度相当于地球周长1/6的大裂谷，是大陆上最大的断裂带。深陷的地沟，犹如地球的一道巨大伤疤。位于肯尼亚的裂谷，只是东非大裂谷的一部分。在裂谷地带，发现了距今已经有350万年的“能人”（从猿到人过渡阶段的人）遗骨，诸多考古发现证明东非大裂谷是人类文明最古老的发源地之一。在人类起源问上，很多科学家支持“非洲起源说”，即目前生活在世界各地的现代人类的祖先在大约20万年前起源于非洲，然后在距今10万年以内离开非洲，向亚洲和欧洲扩散。我们其实都是非洲后裔，你相信吗？maybe。但眼前的大裂谷，因为角度问，并不能让我们感受到视觉上的震撼。眼见不一定为实，便是这个道理。在大裂谷观景点，蟋蟀头的最大收获，可能便是买到的两盒火柴。观景点旁边一个木雕礼品店，我问售货员是否有打火机出售？他摇头，然后从袋中掏出1盒火柴。我点点头，“这个也行。” 售价1美元，没有讨价还价。想再问他多买一盒，他跑去另一个房间，对另一个人叽叽咕咕一阵后，那个人不知从什么角落里又翻出一盒火柴。火柴难道是这里的稀缺货？我有点不明白。后来问约瑟夫，为何他们不卖打火机，只有火柴？他回答，因为打火机的气有伤身体，所以人们不爱用。真是这样吗？我半信半疑。 再一次停车时，正值中午时分，我们停在一家酒店午餐。下了车，男人们除了抽烟，便是纷纷抢着与黑人兄弟合影。他们的心思谁都明白，无非是想彰显一下自己的皮肤有多白。蟋蟀头之前一直说自己晒得太黑，现在他终于心理平衡了。不仅不黑，而且看起来似乎太白了。 我们的司机约瑟夫，英语说得比我溜。在曾经是英国殖民地的肯尼亚，英语是官方语言，课本全部是英语写成。所以，只要上过学读过书的肯尼亚人，都会说一口流利英语，而且还是英式口语。非洲是一夫多妻制，所以我很好奇，约瑟夫娶了几个妻子。当他回答我，没有结婚时，我大为诧异。再问他年龄，他告诉我，他43了。听闻他已43岁还没有结婚，我表示不相信。他淡淡地笑着，“结过婚，但现在离了。”后来聊起他的生意时，他才说，7～10月是肯尼亚的旺季，他几乎天天开车在外；即使淡季的时候，也是隔一周外出一周，聚少离多，所以就离婚了，而且没有儿女。现在正和一个中国女孩交往中。约瑟夫的坦诚相告，让我了解到现在的肯尼亚，城市中的男人们迫于经济上的压力，一夫多妻在减少，这种现象也许在农村会更为普遍。 午餐是自助餐。实际上，我们在肯尼亚这一路上，在酒店都是自助餐，如果在草原上，就是酒店准备的餐盒。非洲的饮食比想像中好。午餐后，继续上路。路边的植物，开始变得奇奇怪怪。 初来乍到，沿途的所有风景都令我们感觉新鲜，即使车没有停留片刻，我们手中的相机快门也没停歇过。在通往马赛马拉的前半段路程时，约瑟夫并不干涉我们拍照，但后半段路经一些小镇时，他便严禁我们拍照，“NO photo!”他说归说，我们拍归拍，并不太理会他的干涉。但没想到，他神情更加严肃地阻止道：“这里不要拍照！如果你们再拍，街上的人会拿石子扔我们的。”一边说，他一边晃着右臂，做出扔石子的举动。我看着路边的人们，他们中的有些人在我们经过时还会向我们挥挥手。我很难想像，如果我拍他们，下一刻，他就会捡起石头攻击我们。但约瑟夫的严肃劲告诉我们，他不是在瞎编故事，他一定亲身经历过，他的车可能就被那些石子砸坏过。 越接近马赛马拉，灰尘越大。当车从公路转入土路时，灰尘已是铺天盖地，迎着车袭来。即使车窗全部摇紧，也丝毫无用，在剧烈的颠簸中，车窗很容易就被颠开一条缝，然后缝隙越来越大。车中，一股干燥而呛人的土味，弥散开来。我和蟋蟀头都戴上了口罩，但过不了太久，蟋蟀头还是把口罩摘到了一边，“太闷了，气也喘不过来的感觉”。约瑟夫果然不愧有15年的车龄，驾驶经验丰富，即使路烂到极点，车七摇八颠，他也几乎不减速。别小看他这辆破面包车，可是改装过的拥有四驱的面包车。真正是面包车的外型，越野车的本领。车虽然颠得厉害，但我们还是睡着了。待再醒来时，蟋蟀头抹了下嘴巴，伸手向我要水喝，“我得喝口水把嘴里的土给咽下去。”他这话，把我刚喝进嘴里的水，差点喷出来。待我们六辆车终于全部停下来，我们可以下车透下风喘口气时，周围已是一片清新。“快看，那边的一群羚羊！”不知谁叫了一声，所有人的相机都对准了不远处草地上的一小群羚羊 。这是我们在草原上第一次看到动物，难免兴奋。但在后面的几天，这样的羚羊随处可见时，大家也就习以为常了。毕竟，这是非洲大草原上最最常见的一种动物。 上车，继续向前。刚刚进入马赛马拉的我们，新鲜、好奇、兴奋。显然，斑马比我们淡定许多。七八月是马赛马拉的冬季，枯黄的草色，一片片地蔓延开来，羚羊开始随处可见。我们的车停在了马赛村的门口。这些身披红布，手执一根木棒的男人，便是传说中连野兽也怕的骁勇善战的马赛人。我拿着一袋给小朋友们准备的棒棒糖跳下车，谁知，刚下车，这袋棒棒糖就几乎被这些男人们瓜分干净。去非洲之前，在书中了解到，马赛人不爱拍照，因为他们担心拍照会带走他们的灵魂。所以，我对去马赛村拍照心有顾忌。但是，这已不是一般的马赛村了，它已经商业化。早已见惯了各类游客，再加上我的棒棒糖，这些马赛男人都很乐意与我合影一张，即使把他们人手不离的木棒借我一用也是无所谓。 要识别马赛男人很容易，因为他们的装束很醒目：两块红底黑条或红底黑格的布，一块扎在腰上遮羞，一块披在肩上。马赛男人之所以喜欢身披红布，其实是为了吓跑狮子等野兽，保护他们赖以生存的牛群。随着时代的变迁，这块传统的红布不再是单一的红底黑条，也变换出多种样式，出现了黑条、黄条、蓝条或者黄格、蓝格，唯一不变的就是大红的底色。蟋蟀头提出要披一下他们身上的那块红布，那个马赛人立马答应，把自己身上的披风解下来，给蟋蟀头围上，再系个结，就OK了，穿戴十分容易。 这个说一口流利英语的马赛男人叫Peter，我注意到，甚至于他的装束都与其他马赛男人不一样。Peter指着距离我们不远的一个小门说道：“请大家抓紧时间，赶紧过来吧，我们为你们准备了节目。”那个用树枝扎起来的拱形小门便是马赛村的入口，低矮的入口与他们修长的身材完全不符。我们猜想是为防大型野兽进入才设计成这样的。参观马赛村并非免费，每人要收取35美元。这样一个自费项目让团队中的部分人有点犹豫不决，踌躇着是否要花200多人民币的门票去参观一个商业化的小村落。他们的犹而不决让Peter有点不耐烦了，大声地说道，“如果不参观村子，请不要再拍任何照片。”不能拍人，即使拍风景照也不行。最终，我们的团队一分为二，一部分去参观马赛村，另一部分则直接去酒店。关于值得不值得，每个人的心里都有把秤，且准不一，难以评判。我只是认为，既然已到了别人家门口了，人都站门口欢迎我们了，那就去吧，就算是一种礼仪。门票，就算是我们登门拜访的一点礼金而已。去亲朋好友家串门做客，我们还得拎点东西了，去别人村里作客送点礼品更是无可厚非。最重要的是，即使这已是一个对游客开放的马赛村，它也还是马赛村，是马赛人自己的家，而非一个临时搭建起来供游客参观的人工景点。跟着Peter进了马赛村。过那道拱门时，身材矮小如我，也得弯腰才能进入。村不大，零落地散着一些土坯砌成的房屋。低矮的土屋，与马赛人的身高同样不匹配。待我们一一进入，十几个马赛男人已经排成一排，准备为我们跳“勇士之舞”。“勇士之舞”是马赛男人的传统舞蹈，在他们的哼唱中，一个接一个的马赛人开始立定跳高，跳完一轮，再来一轮。除了绷紧小腿，笔直地往上跳，勇士之舞没有更多动作，手上也不需要多余的比划，只要尽可能地跳得高些就行。这真是我所见过的最简单的舞蹈。但其实，跳得高，跑得快，历来就是马赛人对勇士的认定准，这其实也与他们的游牧习性相关。（拍摄者：蟋蟀头） 跳完舞，Peter开始为我们介绍他们的村庄。Peter说，收来的门票钱是为六个村子的100多个孩子筹建学校而用。得知我们每人交的35美元将用来建学校时，我心里顿时宽慰了许多。我问Peter，他为何会说英语？因为在我的想法里，以游牧为生的马赛部落，遵循传统生活方式的马赛人，一口流利的英语，似乎与他们完全沾不上边。Peter告诉我，他上过学。他竟然上过学？我有点吃惊。再问，村里有多少人上过学时，他平静地说道：“两个人。”另一个人，便是他的弟弟。“你是村长吗？”我问。能有这样特殊待遇的人，在我看来，必定是特权阶层。“NO。my father is chief.” 原来，他是酋长的儿子。Peter很得意地告诉我，他有10个老婆？十个老婆？！太让人吃惊了，他怎么顾得过来？“你结婚了吗？”这次轮到他向我提问了。“结婚了。”我指了指正在拍照的蟋蟀头。“不过，他只有我一个老婆。”我补充道。“你老婆向我提了这么多问，看来她爱上我了。要不，你把她让给我吧！”Peter开玩笑地和蟋蟀头说道。“NO。”蟋蟀头摇着头答道。但后来，他后悔了，和我说，“我应该假装答应他，再看他打算用多少头牛来换你，你就知道你值多少头牛了！”他刚一说完，便被我狠狠地掐了一下。不过，以畜牧为生的马赛人，的确是用牲畜作为娶亲的聘礼，据说十头牛就可以娶一个老婆。 接下来，Peter就要带我们进屋去参观了。马赛人的房屋用泥土和牛龚搭建而成，屋顶则用茅草盖上。在马赛娶老婆，男人不用担心房子问，因为房屋都由老婆搭建，一个老婆一个屋子。门很小，依然只能弯腰进去。进去后是厅，除了一股难闻的骚味，小小的厅里什么也没有。如果要坐下来，对着门，靠墙的一侧有一条砌高的土堆，可以当沙发一用。而这难闻的味道，则来自牲畜。因为牲畜是马赛人的财产，有时晚上会让牛羊进屋，以防被野兽偷袭。所以，马赛人的房屋实际上是人畜共用，有股怪味也就在所难免了。侧面有个更小的门洞，钻进去，再向左转个弯，便是卧室了。这样的内部构造，其实是防止野兽或者敌人的贸然闯入。卧室小得可怜。靠右的地上用土稍微砌高点，再铺一些布，就是他们的床了。我有一个疑问，马赛人这么高的个子，这么短的床，岂不是从来都不能伸直腿睡觉？距离床边不到一米远的土灶，便是他们煮饭的地方。而墙上那个透着光亮的小洞，则是窗户。在我看来，说是窗户实在太不贴切，怎么看也只能说是个窗洞。在屋里生火煮东西，却只有这么小的两个窗孔换气，人住里面岂不要闷死？灯呢？屋里黑漆漆的一片，他们晚上用什么照明呢？杜导的解释是，马赛人的生活是日出而作，日落而息，天黑就睡觉了，根本用不着点灯。家徒四壁，马赛人的房屋真是把这个词解释得再透彻不过。（拍摄者：蟋蟀头）几个人挤在屋里，没呆多久，已觉缺氧，再加上屋内气味奇怪，我必须得出去透口气了。一出来，迎面便撞上一气质不凡的老者，他便是Peter的父亲——酋长大人。蟋蟀头按中国人的见面规矩，赶紧递上一支烟。老酋长把烟接过来，微笑不语。虽然他不会英语，我们无法更多交流，但老酋长的确是给人一种大家长的感觉。 令人惊讶的是，马赛人至今沿袭万年前钻木取火的传统。两个人搭手。把一束枯草杆垫在地上，草杆上再放一个带孔的木块，一人用手按紧这个木块，不让它移动。另一人则用一根木棍穿过木块的孔眼，并两手合掌转动木棍。18秒的时候，开始有烟冒出，不到30秒，那束枯草杆已有些许火星。马赛人便把木棍和木块拿开，用手捧着枯草杆，用嘴对着火星开始吹。烟雾越来越大，直至那束枯草杆燃起了红色的火苗。钻木取火成功，全过程仅1分钟15秒。但我永远是那个“为什么小姐”，从小到大都是如此。我从蟋蟀头那里拿来一盒火柴，问Peter，“你们为何不用火柴呢？这个更方便快捷。”说完，我掏出一根火柴，准备示范给他看，让他知道现代文明的厉害。哪知，第一根火柴竟然没划燃；换一根火柴，不行；再换一根。连换几根火柴后，Peter笑了，我却万分沮丧，并且无从解释。也许，是神不想破坏马赛人对钻木取火的执着吧，想借马赛人将这古老的传统保持下去，以告诉后人，我们人类曾经用这样的方式取火。令人啼笑皆非的是，随后Peter拿了一个带孔的木块问我，要不要买？而且开价不菲。 接着，女人们终于登场，为我们表演唱歌。与马赛男人相比，女人的穿着就色彩丰富许多，而且身形相对肥胖，不知这是否与生育有关。 一夫多妻，全世界男人的梦想。不能一夫多妻，但至少可以与老婆们合个影。男队友们都纷纷跑过去与马赛女人合影，领队清静跑得最快，顺利拔得头筹，75次之，飞翔第三。只是，老婆们却越来越少。可怜的蟋蟀头，轮到他时，只剩三个马赛女人了。但他还是很开心，跟着马赛女人一起边唱边扭。她们唱的是马赛语，可蟋蟀头，你唱的又是什么呢？虽然是第四个上场，但明显他很受马赛女人的欢迎，一起唱歌，还一边有所交流。只是，你们在说什么呢？ 唱完几曲后，马赛女人们散去，Peter要继续带我们去参观。他指着房屋后面草地上围成半圆形的货摊说，“This is our market.”货摊上的东西无非是一些手链、项链和木制工艺品。Peter指着手链和项链告诉我说：“这些都是我们村里的女人做的。”然后指着木雕说，“这些都是我们男人做的。”“卖这些东西的收入也将用来建我们的学校。”看着这些做工粗糙，且大同小异的商品，这一次，我却有点怀疑了。真的是自己做的？真的会把钱用来建学校？无论如何，读过书的Peter已经不再是一个原始的马赛人了，也许，在他的意识里，早已植入了市场经济。不过后来再想想，即使这些收入不是用来建学校，而是用来改善他们的生活，也未尝不可。毕竟，他们的生活环境，真的不咋样。而事实上，随着时代的发展，旅游业的兴起，放牧早已不再是他们唯一的谋生手段。旅游收入，已经成为这些村庄重要的收入来源。([]
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